@font-face{font-family:Alegreya;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/Alegreya-Regular.woff2)format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Alegreya;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/Alegreya-Italic.woff2)format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Alegreya;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/Alegreya-Bold.woff2)format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Hopf Mono;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/hopf-mono-Regular.woff2)format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:Vollkorn;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url(/fonts/Vollkorn-Bold.woff2)format("woff2")}:root{--fg:#ecf3f0;--bg:#2b3133;--fg-header:#eaf2efa6;--fg-menu:#d6bd91;--fg-menu-border:#596164;--fg-link:#e0c79b;--fg-footer-pipe:#aeb7b4;--fg-footer-divider:#8d7958;--border-inline-code:#585858;--bg-inline-code:#443b41;--proportional-fonts:"Alegreya", Georgia, serif;--monospace-fonts:"Hopf Mono", ui-monospace, monospace;--title-fonts:"Vollkorn", Georgia, serif}html{box-sizing:border-box;scroll-behavior:smooth;scrollbar-gutter:stable}*,:before,:after{box-sizing:inherit}body{counter-reset:sidenote-counter;color:var(--fg);background:var(--bg);font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;text-rendering:optimizelegibility;flex-flow:wrap;width:82%;margin:0;padding-right:18%;font-size:21px;line-height:1.4;display:flex}a:link,a:visited{color:var(--fg-link);text-decoration:none}a:hover{text-underline-offset:.1em;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.navbar-space{width:25%;display:inline-block}#navigation{text-align:right;float:right;padding:2.2em 3em 1em 1.25em;display:inline-block;position:static}#navigation .menu-title{color:var(--fg);border-bottom:1px solid var(--fg-menu-border);font-size:19px}#navigation ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}#navigation a{color:var(--fg-menu);white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid #0000;border-left:0;border-right:0;padding:5px 20px;font-size:19px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5em;display:block}#navigation a:hover{background:var(--bg);text-underline-offset:.1em;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.text-space{width:75%;display:inline-block}#content{max-width:35em;margin-right:1em}hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--fg-footer-divider);height:1px;margin:1em 0;padding:0;display:block}input.margin-toggle{display:none}:is(.note-anchor:has(>img:only-child),.note-anchor:has(>math[display=block]:only-child)){display:block}.note-anchor>img:only-child{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}label.margin-toggle:not(.sidenote-number){display:none}.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left{float:right;clear:right;text-align:left;vertical-align:baseline;width:49%;margin-top:.3rem;margin-bottom:0;margin-right:-56%;font-size:.8em;line-height:1.2;position:relative}.marginnote-left{float:left;clear:left;text-align:right;width:25%;margin-left:-32%}.sidenote-number{counter-increment:sidenote-counter}.sidenote-number:after,.sidenote:before{vertical-align:baseline;position:relative}.sidenote-number:after{content:counter(sidenote-counter);color:var(--fg);font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);font-size:.8rem;top:-.5rem}.sidenote:before{content:counter(sidenote-counter) " ";font-size:.8rem;position:absolute;top:-.4rem;right:calc(100% + .5em)}label.sidenote-number{max-height:2rem;display:inline-block}label.sidenote-number:has(+input.margin-toggle+.sidenote+.note-anchor){float:left;width:0;height:0;overflow:visible}:is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) p{margin:1em 0}:is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) p:first-child{margin-top:0}:is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}:is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) code{font-size:.94em}.sidenote img,.marginnote img,.marginnote-left img{max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:1em 0;display:block}.posts{margin:0}.post-heading-row{text-align:left}.post-title-link{font-family:var(--title-fonts);font-size:1.2em;font-weight:400}.post-tags{float:right;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-size:1rem}.post-summary{margin:0}.post-meta{margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:1em}.all-posts-mobile{display:none}.archive-page h1{text-align:left}.archive-page h2{margin:1.5em 0 .35em;font-size:1em}.published-table{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%}.published-table td{vertical-align:top;padding:.08em .35em .08em 0}.published-date{white-space:nowrap;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;width:6.2em}.published-dash{width:1em}.published-return{margin-top:2em}.header{color:var(--fg-header);text-align:left;margin-top:3.1rem;margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:.9em}.header a:link,.header a:visited{color:var(--fg-header)}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:var(--title-fonts)}h1.post-title{font-family:var(--title-fonts);font-variant:normal;text-align:left;margin-top:1rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;font-size:5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1}#title-underline{border-top:1px solid var(--fg-header);max-width:50rem;padding-bottom:2rem}.article-body{counter-reset:sidenote-counter}.article-body h2{margin-top:2.1rem;margin-bottom:1.4rem;margin-left:-15px;font-size:1em;line-height:1.2}.article-body h3{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:1.4rem;margin-left:-15px;font-size:.9em;line-height:1.2}.article-body p{margin:1em 0}.article-body math{font-variant-numeric:normal}.article-body math[display=block]{margin:1em 0;overflow:auto hidden}.article-body img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.article-body figure.wide-figure{font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;border:0;max-width:none;margin:1em -56% 1em 0;padding:0}.article-body figure.wide-math{overscroll-behavior-inline:contain;overflow:auto hidden}.article-body figure.wide-math>.wide-math-content{inline-size:max-content;min-inline-size:100%}.article-body figure.wide-math>.wide-math-content>math[display=block]{margin:0;overflow:visible}.section-link{float:left;font-variant:normal;visibility:hidden;margin-left:-20px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:6px;font-size:.8em;line-height:1.5;text-decoration:none;color:gray!important}.article-body h2:hover .section-link,.article-body h3:hover .section-link,.section-link:focus-visible{visibility:visible}code{font-family:var(--monospace-fonts);font-variant-numeric:normal;background:var(--bg-inline-code);border:1px solid var(--border-inline-code);word-break:break-word;border-radius:.25rem;padding:0 2px;font-size:.87em}pre{font-family:var(--monospace-fonts);font-variant-numeric:normal;text-align:left;white-space:pre;font-size:.85em;overflow:auto hidden}.article-body pre{padding-left:1em}.article-body pre>code{min-width:max-content;color:inherit;font:inherit;font-variant-numeric:inherit;overflow-wrap:normal;word-break:normal;background:0 0;border:0;border-radius:0;padding:0;display:block}.article-body .note-anchor>:is(pre,math[display=block],figure):first-child{margin-top:0}#contents-big,details#contents{font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);text-align:left;padding-top:.25em;font-size:90%}#contents-big{clear:both;min-width:180px;max-width:30%;margin-left:.25em;margin-right:1.7em;position:sticky;top:0;left:100%}#contents-big ul,details#contents ul{margin:.5em 0;padding-left:0;font-size:85%;line-height:1.2;list-style:none}#contents-big ul ul,details#contents ul ul{padding-left:1.5em}#contents-big li+li,details#contents li+li{margin-top:.5em}#contents-big a:link,#contents-big a:visited,details#contents a:link,details#contents a:visited{color:var(--fg);font-size:110%;text-decoration:none}#contents-big>ul>li>a:link,#contents-big>ul>li>a:visited,details#contents>ul>li>a:link,details#contents>ul>li>a:visited{font-variant:small-caps;letter-spacing:.02em;word-spacing:.06em;font-size:100%}.mini-header{margin-bottom:.5em;font-weight:700}#up-arrow{float:right;margin-right:.5em;font-size:.9em}details#contents{float:none;border-left:4px solid var(--border-inline-code);min-width:0;max-width:none;margin:0 0 .75em;padding-bottom:.4em;padding-left:20px;display:none}details#contents summary{cursor:pointer;padding-top:1rem;padding-left:2.2rem;display:block;position:relative}details#contents summary:before{content:"";border:.4rem solid #0000;border-left-color:var(--fg);transform-origin:.2rem;transition:transform .25s;position:absolute;top:1.5rem;left:1rem;transform:rotate(0)}details#contents[open]>summary:before{transform:rotate(90deg)}.post-ending{text-align:center;margin-top:2.5rem}.fleuron{font-family:var(--title-fonts);padding:1.5rem 0 2rem;font-size:2.6rem;line-height:1}.simple-page{padding-top:2.2em}.simple-page h1{text-align:center;margin-top:2.5rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem;font-size:2em}.course-note-page{--course-rule:color-mix(in srgb, var(--fg) 34%, transparent);--course-muted:color-mix(in srgb, var(--fg) 72%, transparent);padding-top:2.15rem}.course-note-page>.header,.course-note-page .course-note-header{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1.35rem}.course-note-body{counter-reset:sidenote-counter;font-variant-numeric:oldstyle-nums;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;font-size:.98em;line-height:1.26}.course-note-body:after{clear:both;content:"";display:table}.course-note-body .course-chapter-opening{text-align:left;margin:.2rem 0 3.25rem;display:block}.course-note-body .course-chapter-number{font-family:var(--title-fonts);font-variant-numeric:lining-nums;letter-spacing:-.02em;margin-bottom:.55rem;font-size:3.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;display:block}.course-note-body .course-chapter-title{font-family:var(--title-fonts);letter-spacing:-.015em;text-align:left;margin:0;font-size:2.3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.08}.course-note-body .course-epigraph{color:var(--fg);text-align:center;border:0;width:78%;margin:0 0 3.3rem auto;padding:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.25}.course-note-body .course-epigraph :is(p,.course-paragraph){text-align:inherit;text-indent:0;margin:0}.course-note-body>.course-section-heading+.course-epigraph{width:88%;margin-top:.45rem;margin-bottom:1.8rem}.course-note-body>h2,.course-note-body>.course-section-heading{font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);letter-spacing:.045em;text-align:left;word-spacing:.08em;margin:2.35rem 0 .72rem;font-size:1.3em;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-weight:700;line-height:1.08}.course-note-body>h3,.course-note-body>.course-subsection-heading{font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);text-align:left;margin:2rem 0 .55rem;font-size:1.16em;font-weight:700;line-height:1.12}.course-note-body>:is(h2,h3) .section-link{line-height:inherit}.course-note-body>.course-paragraph{text-align:justify;text-indent:1.45em;margin:0}.course-note-body>:is(.course-chapter-opening,.course-epigraph,h2,h3,.course-section-heading,.course-subsection-heading,.course-equation,figure)+.course-paragraph,.course-note-body>.course-paragraph:first-child{text-indent:0}.course-note-body>.course-paragraph+:is(h2,h3){clear:none}.course-note-body math{font-variant-numeric:normal}.course-note-body math[display=block]{margin:0}.course-note-body .course-equation{font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) max-content;align-items:center;column-gap:1em;min-width:0;margin:.7rem 0;display:grid}.course-note-body .course-equation-body{overscroll-behavior-inline:contain;scrollbar-width:thin;text-align:center;min-width:0;padding:.08em 0 .14em;overflow:auto hidden}.course-note-body .course-equation-body>math[display=block]{inline-size:max-content;min-inline-size:100%;overflow:visible}.course-note-body .course-equation-number{text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;place-self:center end;min-width:3.2em}.course-note-body .course-equation:is(.wide,.wide-equation,.course-equation-wide){margin-right:-56%}.course-note-body .course-equation:is(.course-equation-multiline,.multiline) .course-equation-body{text-align:left;line-height:1.45}.course-note-body .course-equation:is(.course-equation-multiline,.multiline) .course-equation-body>math[display=block]{min-inline-size:max-content}.course-note-body :is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left){clear:right;float:right;text-align:justify;width:49%;margin:.08em -56% 0 0;font-size:.78em;line-height:1.16}.course-note-body :is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) :is(p,.course-paragraph){text-align:inherit;text-indent:0;margin:0}.course-note-body :is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left) :is(p,.course-paragraph)+:is(p,.course-paragraph){margin-top:.65em}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-panel{text-align:left;line-height:1.14}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-panel>:is(h3,h4){font-family:var(--proportional-fonts);letter-spacing:0;text-align:left;margin:0 0 .55em;font-size:1.08em;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.1}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-panel>:is(p,.course-paragraph){text-align:justify;text-indent:0;margin:0 0 .65em}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-table{width:88%;margin:.85em auto 0}.course-note-body :is(table.greek-alphabet-table,.greek-alphabet-table table,.greek-alphabet-panel table){border-collapse:collapse;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;margin:0;font-size:.95em;line-height:1.05}.course-note-body :is(table.greek-alphabet-table,.greek-alphabet-table table,.greek-alphabet-panel table) :is(th,td){text-align:left;vertical-align:baseline;border:0;padding:.05em .2em}.course-note-body :is(table.greek-alphabet-table,.greek-alphabet-table table,.greek-alphabet-panel table) :is(th,td):first-child,.course-note-body :is(table.greek-alphabet-table,.greek-alphabet-table table,.greek-alphabet-panel table) :is(th,td):nth-child(2){text-align:center;width:22%}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure{color:var(--fg);text-align:center;max-width:22rem;margin:.9rem auto 0}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure svg{color:inherit;width:100%;max-width:100%;height:auto;margin:0 auto;display:block;overflow:visible}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure svg :is(path,line){fill:none;stroke:currentColor;vector-effect:non-scaling-stroke}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure svg rect{fill:var(--bg);stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.1px;vector-effect:non-scaling-stroke}.course-note-body .course-lattice-svg .course-lattice-axis{stroke-width:1.25px}.course-note-body .course-lattice-svg .course-lattice-guide{stroke-width:.75px}.course-note-body .course-lattice-svg .course-lattice-row{stroke-dasharray:3 6;stroke-width:.9px}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure svg text{fill:currentColor;font-family:var(--proportional-fonts)}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure figcaption{text-align:left;margin-top:.72em;font-size:.96em;line-height:1.16}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure :is(.course-figure-label,.course-figure-title){letter-spacing:.04em;text-align:center;margin-bottom:.35em;font-variant-caps:small-caps;font-weight:700;display:block}.course-note-body .course-margin-copy>p{text-align:justify;margin:0}.course-note-body .course-margin-copy>p+p{margin-top:.65em}.course-note-body>figure:not(.wide-figure){max-width:100%;margin:1rem 0}.course-note-body>figure:not(.wide-figure) img{max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.course-note-body .course-rule{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--course-rule);margin:2rem 0}#footer{border-top:1px solid var(--fg-footer-divider);color:var(--fg-footer-pipe);text-align:right;max-width:50rem;margin-top:30px;padding:9px 1em 12px;font-size:.78em}#footer p{margin:.35em 0 0}#to-top{float:left;font-variant:small-caps;margin-top:-2px;font-size:16px;position:static}@media (min-width:769px){#to-top{visibility:hidden;position:fixed}}@media (max-width:1366px){body{width:87%;max-width:960px;margin-right:3em;padding-right:13%;font-size:19px}#navigation{float:none;padding-right:1em}#contents-big{padding-left:1.25em}h1.post-title{font-size:4rem}}@media (min-width:1367px){body{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}@media (max-width:1120px){.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left{width:33%;margin-right:-40%}.article-body figure.wide-figure{margin-right:-40%}.course-note-body :is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left){width:33%;margin-right:-40%}.course-note-body .course-equation:is(.wide,.wide-equation,.course-equation-wide){margin-right:-40%}}@media (max-width:1349px),(min-width:1367px) and (max-width:1620px){.marginnote-left{width:30%;margin-left:-33%}}@media (max-width:960px){body{text-align:left;width:100%;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}label.margin-toggle:not(.sidenote-number){display:inline}label.sidenote-number:has(+input.margin-toggle+.sidenote+.note-anchor){float:none;width:auto;height:auto}.all-posts-mobile{display:block}input.margin-toggle{clip-path:inset(50%);white-space:nowrap;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;display:block;position:absolute;overflow:hidden}label.margin-toggle:has(+input.margin-toggle:focus-visible){outline:2px solid var(--fg-link);outline-offset:.15em}.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left{display:none}.sidenote-number:after{color:var(--fg-link)}.margin-toggle:checked+.sidenote,.margin-toggle:checked+.marginnote,.margin-toggle:checked+.marginnote-left{float:none;clear:both;text-align:left;vertical-align:baseline;width:auto;margin:1rem 0;display:block;position:relative;left:auto}.margin-toggle:checked+.homepage-post-note{float:none;left:0}label{cursor:pointer}.article-body figure.wide-figure{max-width:100%;margin-right:0}.course-note-page{padding-top:1.4rem}.course-note-body{-webkit-hyphens:none;hyphens:none;text-align:left;font-size:1em;line-height:1.32}.course-note-body>.course-paragraph{text-align:left;text-indent:1.25em}.course-note-body .course-equation:is(.wide,.wide-equation,.course-equation-wide){margin-right:0}.course-note-body .margin-toggle:checked+:is(.sidenote,.marginnote,.marginnote-left){text-align:left;max-width:32rem;margin:.8rem 0 1rem;font-size:.88em;line-height:1.22}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-panel{max-width:20rem}.course-note-body .course-lattice-figure{max-width:20rem;margin-left:0}}@media (max-width:768px){#contents-big{display:none}details#contents{display:block}.header{margin-top:0}}@media (max-width:767px){body>.navbar-space,.text-space{width:100%}#navigation{text-align:center;display:block;position:static}#navigation>ul>li{display:inline-block}#navigation a{padding:5px 10px}#content{margin-left:1em;margin-right:1em}.course-note-page{padding-top:.8rem}.course-note-body .course-chapter-opening{margin-bottom:2.35rem}.course-note-body .course-chapter-number{margin-bottom:.42rem;font-size:2.65rem}.course-note-body .course-chapter-title{font-size:1.95rem}.course-note-body .course-epigraph{width:100%;margin-bottom:2.5rem;font-size:.94em}.course-note-body>h2,.course-note-body>.course-section-heading{letter-spacing:.035em;margin-top:2rem;font-size:1.2em}.course-note-body .course-equation{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr) max-content;column-gap:.5em}.course-note-body .course-equation-number{min-width:2.8em}.course-note-body .course-equation-body{text-align:left}.course-note-body .greek-alphabet-table{width:min(100%,18rem);margin-left:0}}